Coding Assistance

You can use LLMs for debugging, code generation, reformatting, commenting, and more. One popular chatbot claims it can work with code in over 40 programming languages.

Very Old	Old	Recent	Bleeding Edge
BASIC	Perl	Swift	Kotlin
Assembly	Pascal	TypeScript	Julia
Fortran	PHP	Rust	Crystal
Lisp	Python	Kotlin/Native	Racket
COBOL	C	Julia (GPU)	Lua
Algol	C++	Go	Zig
SNOBOL	Java	Dart	Nim
RPG	Smalltalk	Elixir	Crystal (LLVM)
Forth	Tcl	Groovy	Vlang
Ada	SQL	Scala Native	Erlang

Code Generation

Instructing ChatGPT, or any other LLM-based AI chatbot, to generate code is as simple as this:

Act as a junior python programmer. Please write the code to generate madlibs from 3 arrays of 6 items each: prepositions, verbs and nouns, with the nouns also being used as direct objects. After writing it, execute the code.

The output will be something like:

import random

prepositions = ['at', 'in', 'on', 'with', 'under', 'over']
verbs = ['run', 'jump', 'dance', 'sing', 'laugh', 'cry']
nouns = ['cat', 'dog', 'tree', 'flower', 'book', 'computer']

preposition = random.choice(prepositions)
verb = random.choice(verbs)
noun = random.choice(nouns)

madlib = f"I {verb} {preposition} the {noun}."

print(madlib)

Try it here:

Commenting and Reformatting Code

You can ask the bot to add comments to your code and reformat it for legibility. After your prompt instruction, add three hashmarks to separate your prompt from the code you'd like it to clean up:

Please add line comments to this Python code and reformat it for legibility:
###
import math
amplitude = 30
frequency = 2
num_points = 50
for i in range(num_points):
    y = int(round(amplitude * math.sin(2 * math.pi * frequency * i / num_points)))
    print(' ' * (amplitude + y) + '*')

The output will be something like:

# Import the math module
import math

# Set the amplitude, frequency, and number of points in the wave
amplitude = 30
frequency = 2
num_points = 50

# Loop over each point in the wave
for i in range(num_points):
    # Calculate the y value of the wave using the sine function from the math module
    y = int(round(amplitude * math.sin(2 * math.pi * frequency * i / num_points)))

    # Print a space for padding, followed by an asterisk at the appropriate position on the wave
    print(' ' * (amplitude + y) + '*')

Debugging

Not only can LLM-based AI chatbots detect syntax errors in code, but they can also find logical errors that would crop up when code is executed. Below is an example of a Python script that eventually causes a division by zero error one line 4 due to a logical error on line 3. Try this simple prompt to find and fix the error:

Please debug this Python code:

1. pizza_cost = 100
2. partygoers = 10
3. while partygoers = 0:
4.    cost_per_person = pizza_cost / partygoers
5.    print("the cost per person is $", "{:.2f}".format(cost_per_person))
6.    partygoers -= 2

The output will include the corrected while loop, which is changed to ensure the denominator variable stays positive:

3. while partygoers >
 0:

For more nuanced errors, you may need to add more specifics: the error message, environment variables, included libraries or variations in inputs.

Optimizing Code

If your script is taking too long to execute, an AI chatbot like ChatGPT can optimize it. Here's an example of optimizing an inefficient script that finds prime numbers:

Act like a very senior python developer. Please optimize this script:

for num in range(1, 101):
    if num  1:
        for i in range(2, num):
            if (num % i) == 0:
                break
        else:
            print(num)

The output might be a script that uses the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm for finding prime numbers:

numbers = list(range(2, 101))
for i in numbers:
    for j in range(i * 2, 101, i):
        if j in numbers:
            numbers.remove(j)
print(numbers)

Note that we asked the bot to "act like a senior developer" to optimize the script. You can also dictate that it have a certain area of expertise (e.g., sorting algorithms) or number of years of experience. Alternatively, if you have a script that seems overly complicated, you can ask the bot to write that script "as a very junior developer."

Translating Between Programming Languages

A very useful feature AI chatbots offer is the ability to port programs from one language to another. A typical use for this might be upgrading code in an older language to a more modern one:

Act like an experienced developer with knowledge of both COBOL and Python. Please convert this COBOL program to Python:


IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. CALCULATE-SS-TAX.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 SALARY PIC 9(7)V99.
01 SS-TAX PIC 9(7)V99.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "Enter employee's salary: ".
ACCEPT SALARY.

COMPUTE SS-TAX = SALARY * 0.062.

DISPLAY "Social Security tax is: $", SS-TAX.
STOP RUN.

The output might be something like this:

salary = float(input("Enter employee's salary: "))
ss_tax = salary * 0.062

print("Social Security tax is: $", round(ss_tax, 2))

Handling Multiple Files and Refactoring your Codebase

What if you want an AI chatbot to evaluate multiple files? Simply supply the filenames and paste the code for each:

My Python script uses two files, listed below, in different directories. Please display the output from executing conversation.py:

BEGIN FILE 1: ./phrases/coming_and_going.py
def hi(name):
   print(f"Hello, {name}!")
def bye(name):
   print(f"Goodbye, {name}!")

BEGIN FILE 2: ./conversation.py
from phrases.coming_and_going import hi, bye
hi("John")
bye("John")


Hello, John!
Goodbye, John!

Using this technique, you can submit multiple files to the bot in a single prompt and ask it to refactor the code. Alternatively, you can ask it to "memorize" each one and then execute it in a later prompt.

Simulating a Database Server

Most AI chatbots work with code, but some can even simulate server environments like databases, web and email servers. Consider this prompt:

Act as Microsoft SQL Server. Create a database called "politics" and inside it a table called "politicians." Fill it with 50 rows of famous politicians from around the world from different eras, 1900-2000. Add columns for their full names, country, dates of birth, and date of death if applicable. Create a view for top 3 politicians who lived the longest. Create and execute a Transact-SQL command that outputs the contents of that view.

The output will be something like:

-- Create the "politics" database
CREATE DATABASE politics;
GO

-- Use the "politics" database
USE politics;
GO

-- Create the "politicians" table
CREATE TABLE politicians (
    id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    full_name VARCHAR(50),
    country VARCHAR(50),
    date_of_birth DATE,
    date_of_death DATE
);
-- etc.

From there, you can add columns, indexes and more:

Add a column to the politicians table for the second-in-command and update it for each row.

The output might be something like:

ALTER TABLE politicians ADD second_in_command VARCHAR(255);

UPDATE politicians
SET second_in_command =
    CASE name
        WHEN 'Winston Churchill' THEN 'Clement Attlee'
        WHEN 'Franklin D. Roosevelt' THEN 'Harry S. Truman'
        WHEN 'Mao Zedong' THEN 'Lin Biao'
        -- add more cases for each politician
        ELSE NULL
    END;

Simulating a Web Server

Some AI chatbots can simulate many other servers and APIs. Here's an example of a prompt that simulates an Apache server response to specific browser request headers:

Act as an Apache web server. How would you respond to these HTTP headers?

GET /example HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com

The output will be something like:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: [current date and time]
Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
Last-Modified: [date and time of last modification of the requested resource]
Content-Type: [MIME type of the requested resource, e.g. text/html]

Here are just some of the types of servers and APIs that one popular chatbot can emulate:

Very Old	Old	Recent	Bleeding Edge
Telnet	HTTP/1.0	RESTful API	GraphQL API
FTP	SMTP	SOAP API	GRPC API
POP3	LDAP	OAuth 2.0	Docker API
IMAP	DHCP	OpenAPI (Swagger)	Kubernetes API
DNS	NTP	gRPC-web API	Istio API
SNMP	RADIUS	MQTT API	Prometheus API
Syslog	SFTP	WebSocket API	Envoy API
TFTP	SSH	AWS API Gateway	Istio Mixer API
NFS	XML-RPC	Azure API Management	OpenTracing API
SMB	JSON-RPC	Google Cloud Endpoints	NATS Streaming API

Simulating a Command Line

Since a shell within Linux (or Windows PowerShell) is also a programming language, you can interact with it using an AI chatbot, and build an environment for your filesystem:

Act as Debian Linux command shell. Please respond to my commands as the terminal would, with as little explanation as possible. My first command is: ls -l

The output will be something like:

-rw-r--r--  1 user  group   2048 Mar  3 14:23 file1.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 user  group   4096 Feb 28 09:12 directory1
-rwx------  1 user  group  16384 Feb 25 19:41 executable1

Try experimenting with other commands:

>
touch greeting.txt
>
echo "hello" >
 greeting.txt
>
ls -l

Depending on the size of its context window, the bot should remember your changes (for a while, at least) and the final output ought to something like:

-rw-r--r--  1 user  group   2048 Mar  3 14:23 file1.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 user  group   4096 Feb 28 09:12 directory1
-rwx------  1 user  group  16384 Feb 25 19:41 executable1
-rw-r--r--  1 user  group      6 Mar  4 16:15 greeting.txt

A full discussion of using AI chatbots as a virtual machines can be found at engraved.blog.

Generating Unit Tests

AI chatbots built on LLMs are ideal for the time-consuming task of creating unit tests. Consider this prompt to build a series of unit tests for a tax calculating program:

Act as a Python software test engineer. Write unit tests for the calculate_tax function of this tax estimator Python program:
###
def get_user_inputs():
  total_income = float(input('Enter your income (wages, tips, etc.): $'))
  dependent_care_expenses = float(input('Enter your dependent care expenses: $'))
  return total_income, dependent_care_expenses

def calculate_tax(total_income, dependent_care_expenses):
  deduction = 12500   # Standard deduction for single filers in 2020
  ...
  etc.

The output might be something like:

import unittest

def calculate_tax(total_income, dependent_care_expenses):
    # ... (your existing code here)

class TestCalculateTax(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_low_income_no_expenses(self):
        self.assertEqual(calculate_tax(10000, 0), 0)

    def test_mid_income_no_expenses(self):
        self.assertEqual(calculate_tax(50000, 0), 4476.0)

    def test_high_income_no_expenses(self):
        self.assertEqual(calculate_tax(100000, 0), 14776.0)

    def test_low_income_with_expenses(self):
        self.assertEqual(calculate_tax(10000, 2000), -400.0)
	...
	etc.

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

Contributed by Prompt Yes!, a company offering instructor-led courses in ChatGPT and Midjourney.

Sander Schulhoff

Sander Schulhoff is the Founder of Learn Prompting and an ML Researcher at the University of Maryland. He created the first open-source Prompt Engineering guide, reaching 3M+ people and teaching them to use tools like ChatGPT. Sander also led a team behind Prompt Report, the most comprehensive study of prompting ever done, co-authored with researchers from the University of Maryland, OpenAI, Microsoft, Google, Princeton, Stanford, and other leading institutions. This 76-page survey analyzed 1,500+ academic papers and covered 200+ prompting techniques.